Ventilación de alta frecuencia versus V. mecánica convencional

Abril 2005


 

 

Ventilación de alta frecuencia versus ventilación mecánica convencional:
¿En qué estamos?

 

Dr. Aldo Bancalari M.

 

 

Diferencias entre Ventilación Mecánica Convencional y Ventilación Alta Frecuencia

 

  VMC    VAF
Frec. Respiratoria   5 – 150  c/min 180 – 900 c/min
Volumen corriente

    > espacio muerto                      (4 – 20 ml/kg) 

        £ espacio muerto                         (0.1 – 3 ml/kg)
Intercambio gaseoso  Volúmenes de gas fresco elevados  Otros mecanismos de intercambio gaseoso
PMVA Varía durante cada ciclo     Constante
Aumento  oxigenación   ­PIM, ­TIM, ­FR,  ­PEEP,  ­ FiO2   ­ PMVA,  ­ FiO2
Ventilación  (eliminación de CO2) ­PIM, ­ TIM, ­ FR ­ ê P ( ­ vol. Corriente) 
 
¯FR ( ­ vol. Corriente) 
Espiración  Pasiva  Activa (VAFO)
PEEP  Debe indicarse  No se indica (VAFO)
Volumen pulmonar    Variable   Constante
Presión alveolar 0 – 50 cmH2O   0.1 – 5 cmH2O
Injuria pulmonar (experiencia  animal) Indeterminada  Menor

                   

                       

Diferencia en la eliminación de CO2 (ventilación) entre VMC y VAF

 

 

Variación de presión en ventilación convencional y alta frecuencia

 

 

 

 

Carney D, et al Crit Care Med 2005; 33:S122-128

 

 

 

In vivo photomicrographs of the same normal (A and B) and acutely injured lung (C and D). Alveoli at peak inspiration (A) and end expiration (B) in the normal lung are very stable with little change in size during tidal ventilation (dots). High positive inspiratory pressure (PIP) and low PEEP injurious ventilation causes a ventilator-induced lung injury resulting in alveolar instability. Injured alveoli at peak inspiration (C) are inflated (dots) and totally collapse (arrows) end expiration (D), demonstrating severe instability during tidal ventilation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In vivo photomicrographs of subpleural alveoli in the rat after lung injury by saline lavage ventilated with either conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) using a 2.5-internal diameter tracheal tube. With CMV, a group of alveoli are seen inflated during inspiration (dots) but collapse with expiration (arrows). Alveoli are very stable with HFOV during ventilation. The same alveolus is seen with HFOV at inflation and exhalation (dots).

 

 

Disminución de la injuria pulmonar con alta frecuencia y surfactante en monos

Jackson et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 534-9

 

 

Pillow Jane Crit Care Med 2005; 33:S135-141

 

 

Gas transport mechanisms and pressure damping during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). The major gas-transport mechanisms operating during HFOV in convection, convection-diffusion, and diffusion zones include: turbulence, bulk convection (direct ventilation of close alveoli), asymmetric inspiratory and expiratory velocity profiles, pendelluft, cardiogenic mixing, laminar flow with Taylor dispersion, collateral ventilation between neighboring alveoli, and molecular diffusion (see text for details). The extent to which the oscillatory pressure waveform is damped is influenced by the mechanical characteristics of the respiratory system. Atelectatic alveoli will experience higher oscillatory pressures than normally aerated alveoli, whereas increased peripheral resistance increases the oscillatory pressures transmitted to proximal airways and neighboring alveolar units. From:   Pillow: Crit Care Med, Volume 33(3) Supplement.March 2005.S135-S141

 

 

Visualización de la expansión pulmonar a través de una tomografía pulmonar en un paciente con Neumonia después del uso de VAFO  

Luecke T, et al. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:S135-141

 

 

 

 

Representative computed tomography scans during conventional ventilation (CV) and 48 hrs after initiation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by massive gastric aspiration. Total, normally aerated, poorly aerated, and overinflated lung volumes during CV and after 48 hrs of HFOV for the individual patients. Time course of mean Fio2/Pao2 and oxygenation index. OI, numbers indicated divided by 10 during CV (baseline, BL) and during HFOV. (Kraincuk et al., personal communication). From:   Luecke: Crit Care Med, Volume 33(3) Supplement.March 2005.S155-S162

 

 

Imai Y, et al Crit Care Med 2005; 33:S129-134

 

Overdistension (volutrauma) and recruitment/derecruitment (atelectrauma). Overdistension (volutrauma) develops when inspired air preferably distributes to the areas with higher compliance (nonatelectatic regions). Recruitment/derecruitment denotes the situation whereby alveolar units open during inspiration and collapse again during expiration in atelectatic regions. This cycle of repeated opening and collapse results in high shear stress that can further injure the lungs (atelectrauma), in particular at end-expiration. Reproduced with permission from Frank JA, Imai Y, Slutsky AS: Pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury. Physiological Basis of Ventilatory Support [Marcel Dekker] 2003.
From:   Imai: Crit Care Med, Volume 33(3) Supplement.March 2005.S129-S134

Volumen pulmonar en VAF 

 

 

 

Estudios pioneros de RN con SDR en Ventilación de Alta  frecuencia

   

Indicaciones actuales  de la  ventilacion de alta frecuencia

 

Utilidad de la VAF como rescate en la insuficiencia respiratoria severa

Insuficiencia respiratoria grave

 

HiFO Study Group J Pediatr 1993; 122: 610-617

 

 

 

 

Ventilacion de alta frecuencia en rn con insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxica aguda

Drs. A. Bancalari, R. Bustos, P. Bello, J. Fasce, Mat. L. Cifuentes

Unidad de Neonatología Hospital G. Grant Benavente de Concepción

 

Características generales de 118 RN tratados con ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria

 

 

 

Diagnóstico de ingreso a ventilación alta frecuencia oscilatoria

 

   

Sobrevida de los  118  RN tratados con  V.A.F.O.

 

 

  Conclusión

 

Uso de la VAF en Barotrauma 

 

Ventilación Jet versus VMC en RN con enfisema intersticial

M.Keszler et al. J.Pediatr 1991;119:85-93

 

 

 

 

Análisis comparativo del manejo del barotrauma entre la VMC y la VAFO
Unidad de Neonatología H.G.G.B. Concepción
 

 

Indicaciones no comprobadas en el uso de la ventilación de alta frecuencia

 

¿Debe usarse el ventilador de alta frecuencia como manejo del RN prematuro con sindrome de distres respiratorio?

 

Manejo del RN prematuro con SDR

 

Beneficios comprobados de la precoz  optimización del volumen pulmonar en pulmón atelectásico en animales de experimentación.

Estudios  prospectivos randomizados entre ventilación mecánica convencional y ventilación de alta frecuencia en RN prematuros

 

 

Principales resultados del estudio HiFi

HiFi Study, NEJM 1989; 320:88-93

 

Patología   VMC (346)   VAFO (327)   p
Displasia broncopulmonar (%)   41   40   0.7
Mortalidad a los 28 días (%)   17   18   0.7
Cualquier escape aéreo (%)   38   45   0.0
HIC grados III y IV (%) 18   26 0.0
Leucomalacia periventricular (%)   7   12   0.0

 

Algunas consideraciones en el diseño del estudio HIFI

Bryan y Froese  Pediatrics 1991: 87 565  

Bohn D. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 165-235

 

 

U.Thome et al. J.Pediatr 1999;135:39-46

 

Mean airway pressure (Paw) in patients treated with IPPV and HFV during the 240-hour (10-day) study period. Mean + SD is shown for HFV and mean – SD for IPPV. Mean airway pressure was significantly higher in HFV-treated infants (repeated-measures analysis of variance, P < .0001).

 

Primary outcomes

 

 

  Secondary outcomes

G.Moriette et al. Pediatrics 2001;107:363-372

                            Mean values and standard deviation (SD) for mean airway pressure from inclusion 

                            to 48 hours of life. The asterisk indicates significant differences (P < .001).

 

Comparación de los 2 últimos estudios entre VAF y ventilación mecánica convencional sincronizada. (NEJM 2002)

 

 

  S.Courtney et al. N Engl J Med, 2002;347:643-652

 

Kaplan–Meier Curves Showing Ages at Which Infants Were Successfully Extubated.The curves are significantly different (P=0.006 by the Cox proportional-hazards estimate; hazard ratio, 0.76 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.92]). The vertical lines show the age at which 50 percent of the infants assigned to each group were successfully extubated.

A.Johnson et al. N Engl J Med,2002;347:633-642

 

 

Resumen de las diferencias en ambos estudios

   

Incidencia de hemorragia intracraneana y/o leucomalacia periventricular en estudios  prospectivos randomizados entre VM convencional y VAF en RN prematuros

   

Igual HIC y/o LPV   Aumento HIC y/o LPV  
Carlo, 1990 HiFi, 1989  
Clark, 1992  HiFO, 1993  
Ogawa, 1993   Wiswell, 1996  
Gerstmann, 1996 Moriette, 2001 (?)  
Keszler, 1997    
Plavka, 1997  
Rettwitz.Volk, 1998  
Thome, 1999    
Johnson, 2002    
Courtney, 2002   

     

  

Meta análisis de hemorragia intraventricular entre VAF y VMC

The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003

 

 

 

 

Meta análisis de leucomalacia periventricular entre VAF y VMC

The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003

 

 

 

Metaanálisis  de displasia broncopulmonar entre VAF electiva y ventilación convencional

The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003

 

 

 

 

 

Metaanálisis de hemorragia intraventricular y enfermedad pulmonar crónica según estrategia ventilatoria

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168

 

http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/168/10/1150

 

 

 

Cumulative metaanalyses of chronic lung disease in ventilatory strategy subgroups. HLVS = high lung volume strategy; LPVS = lung protective ventilatory strategy. Within each of the three subgroups of studies, each later estimate is a pooled estimate of results of all previous studies.

 

Cumulative metaanalyses of intraventricular hemorrhage in ventilatory strategy subgroups. Within each of the three subgroups of studies, each later estimate is a pooled estimate of results of all previous studies. 

 

 

Seguimiento a largo plazo en pacientes que han estado en ventilación mecánica convencional y/o alta frecuencia

 

 

Seguimiento neurológico a 6 años plazo, después del uso de VAFO y VMC

Gerstmann D. et al Pediatrics 2001; 108: 617-623

 

SDS for growth parameters and neurodevelopmental performance. Plotted are group means, error bars representing 95% confidence limits of the mean, and number of studies. There were no intergroup differences noted in growth or neurodevelopmental assessment. Growth; verbal IQ; and gross, fine, and combined motor proficiency were within normal ranges and not different between groups. SDS allow comparison to predicted or reference values (see text). Error bars that do not cross the 0 axis represent a statistically significant difference from the expected value.

 

 

Thomas M et al, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 868-872

 

 http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/169/7/868

 

                                                              Characteristics of studied infants according to mode of ventilation

 

  CV (n = 34) HFOV (n = 42) Difference
(HFOV - CV)
95% CI for
Difference
Gestation, wk 26.4 (1.6) 26.2 (1.6) -0.2 -0.9, 0.5
Birth weight, kg 861 (151) 846 (196) -15 -96, 67
Birth weight SDS* -0.61 (0.93) -0.46 (1.00) 0.15 -0.59, 0.30
Race, n (%)        
White 26 (76) 30 (71) -5% -25, 15%{dagger}
Black 7 (21) 6 (14)    
Other 1 (3) 6 (12)    
Male sex, n (%) 18 (53) 24 (57) 4% -18, 27%
Oxygen-dependent at 36 weeks PMA, n (%) 18 (53) 27 (64) 11% -11, 34%
Wheeze more than once per month, n (%) 12 (35) 19 (45) 10% -12, 32%
Antenatal maternal smoking, n (%) 6 (18) 2 (5) -13% -27, 1%
Postnatal maternal smoking, n (%) 7 (21) 5 (12) -9% -25, 8%
Postnatal contact with smokers for more than 15 hr/wk, n (%) 11 (32) 16 (38) 6% -16, 27%
Family history of atopy, n (%) 15 (44) 14 (33) -11% -33, 11%
Exposure to pets at home, n (%) 9 (26) 6 (14) -12% -30, 6%
Corrected age at testing, mo 12.7 (0.9) 12.4 (0.9) -0.3 -0.7, 0.1
Weight, kg 9.1 (1.3) 8.7 (1.3) -0.4 -1.0, 0.2
Length, cm 74.5 (2.9) 73.9 (3.0) -0.6 -0.7, 2.0

 

          

Individual measurements of lung volume according to randomized mode of ventilation. Horizontal bars represent group means. CV = conventional ventilation; FRCHe = FRC by helium dilution; FRCpleth = FRC by plethysmography; HFOV = high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

Individual measurements of airway resistance according to randomized mode of ventilation. Horizontal bars represent group means. Raw = airway resistance.

 

 

 

¿Qué ventilador utilizar en el manejo del  RN prematuro con SDR?

 

 

 

 

 

W.Truog J.Pediatr.1999;135:9-11

 

Conclusión

  • Actualmente,  en Unidades de Neonatología donde se dispone de ambos tipos de ventilación asistida mecánica; el uso rutinario de la ventilación de alta frecuencia en RN prematuros con SDR no estaría indicado; y sólo debería considerarse en aquellos neonatos con moderado a severo distrés respiratorio. (FiO2 >0.60 y PMVA >8).